This page contains CCLA’s key legal materials, previous work, key decisions, and press for our constitutional challenge of the solitary confinement regime in federal penitentiaries.
UPDATES
UPDATE – MAY 14, 2018
The Canadian Civil Liberties Association, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association and the John Howard Society of Canada hold a press conference on Parliament Hill calling for an end to indefinite solitary confinement. Read the joint press release here.
UPDATE – APRIL 6, 2018
The Canadian Civil Liberties Association filed their written brief to the Ontario Court of Appeal, as part of its ongoing efforts to stop the unconscionable federal practice of indefinite solitary confinement. More information here.
UPDATE – JANUARY 31, 2018
The Canadian Civil Liberties Association and the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association wrote to the Minister of Public Safety and Minster of Justice to ask that the federal government “change course” and end the court fight of solitary confinement. The joint letter can be found here.
UPDATE – JANUARY 17, 2018
The Canadian Civil Liberties Association is appealing the decision of Associate Chief Justice Marrocco on several grounds, and it will argue that sections 31-37 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act violate section 12 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms because the confinement of inmates with mental illness and young inmates in administrative segregation constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. For more, please see our press release here.
UPDATE – DECEMBER 18, 2017
In a victory for civil liberties, Associate Chief Justice Frank Marrocco of the Ontario Superior Court struck down Canada’s solitary confinement laws as unconstitutional, following a three-year challenge by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association. For more, please see our press release here.
UPDATE – WEEK OF SEPTEMBER 11-15, 2017
This week, CCLA is in court challenging solitary confinement practices in Canadian federal penitentiaries.
Hearing details:
Date: September 11, 13, 14, 15, 2017
Time: 10:00am
Location: Osgoode Hall, Courtroom #4
130 Queen St W, Toronto, ON
SEPTEMBER 11, 2017
Opening statements were made by CCLA’s counsel, represented by Jonathan Lisus and Michael Rosenberg.
CCLA’s represented in the challenge by Jonathan Lisus, Larissa Moscu, and Fahad Siddiqui (Lax O’Sullivan Lisus Gottlieb LLP), and Michael Rosenberg, Paul Davis, and Charlotte-Anne Malischewski (McCarthy Tétrault LLP).
SEPTEMBER 13, 2017
On the second day of a four-day court hearing, CCLA counsel tells Court that Canada’s prison segregation regime is ‘structurally deficient.”
SEPTEMBER 15, 2017
Court has heard from CCLA and Corrections Canada this week, and today was CCLA’s reply. In our reply, CCLA counsel Jonathan Lisus, of Lax O’Sullivan Gottlieb LLP, said that provisions are unconstitutional. Canada says new policies and directives address this. They do not, they entrench it. Canada is exposing inmates to a regime that can cause serious harm and is dangerous to their health.
They prohibit administrative segregation for persons with “‘serious mental illness with a serious impairment’…This is not good enough.” That is not how you administer a serious and humane correctional system.
The Mandela rules prohibit solitary confinement for more than 15 days. This is the international standard and Canadian courts have recognized this. The average stay in segregation in federal prisons is 24 days, almost double this standard.
Over the last 4 days, nowhere in our discussions has there been an explanation as to why it’s necessary, when there are alternatives available, to lock a person (i.e. someone seeking protection) in a room and leave them in isolation for 23 hours a day.
“It’s simple: the legislation and this practice is an artifact, a cruel artifact, from another time when the consequences of this practice were not understood. And now that it’s become a bureaucratic reality, there’s no principled, rigorous, bureaucratic, medical, scientific or constitutional justification for 23 hours a day in a cell. There needs to be a fresh look” says Jonathan Lisus.
EXPERT TESTIMONY
TESTIMONY FROM CCLA EXPERT WITNESSES:
Juan Mendez
Professor Mendez was the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, when he gave his opinion. He is now a Professor of human rights and international law at the Washington College of Law at American University in Washington D.C. He was a professor at Notre Dame Law School, and has taught at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Georgetown Law School, and Oxford University. Professor Mendez served as President of the International Center for Transitional Justice and as Special Advisor to the Secretary General of the United Nations on the Prevention of Genocide. Additionally, he was President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States.
In Professor Mendez’s opinion, the Mandela Rules represent “an objective standard by which states and courts can determine whether in a given case that the person has been subjected to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, or in certain circumstances, torture.”
“…there has been quite a solid consensus that anything beyond 15 days is in violation of international standards. I’m sorry, even with mitigating circumstances.”
Andrew Coyle
Professor Coyle is a former Governor (Warden) of prisons housing some of the UK’s most dangerous inmates, Emeritus Professor of Prison Studies at the University of London, and author of an authoritative prison manual that has been translated into 16 languages. Professor Coyle was founding Director of the International Centre for Prison Studies at the University of London from 1997 to 2005, and in that capacity, he advised on prison management and reform in all regions of the world. He served as a consultant on prison matters for international organizations and governments including Brazil, Chile, Russia, Sweden, Spain, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, China and Colombia, and at the time he prepared his report was engaged in an intendent review of the Irish Prison Service. He has provided expert opinions in U.K., Canadian and international proceedings on prison matters.
“I do not recollect anyone disputing the fact that the treatment of Ashley Smith amounted to solitary confinement. My understanding is that a number of prisoners in CSC custody are currently held in conditions of extended administrative segregation similar to those in which Ashley Smith was held. I find it difficult to accept the Government’s assertion that solitary confinement does not exist within the Canadian correctional system.”
Dr. Ruth Martin
A family physician practicing in Vancouver, who worked as a prison doctor and is Chair of the Prison Health Program Committee, Community of Practice in Family Medicine of the College of Family Physicians of Canada:
“The effects of isolation and segregation on an individual’s mental and physical health are well documented in the medical and psychiatric literature… After a few days in isolation, symptoms included, “problems of concentration, restlessness, failure of memory, sleeping problems and impaired sense of time an[d] ability to follow the rhythm of day and night” and after a few weeks of isolation, symptoms included, “difficulties with memory and concentration”, “inexplicable fatigue”, a “distinct emotional lability” that can include “fits of rage”, hallucinations, and the “extremely common” belief among isolated prisoners that “they have gone or are going mad” This study is consistent with more recently published studies, and also consistent with my observations and experience.”
Dr. Gary Chaimowitz
Dr. Chaimowitz is the Head of Forensic Psychiatry at St. Joseph’s Healthcare in Hamilton, Ontario with experience treating and assessing inmates who are, or have been, in segregation in correctional institutions. Dr. Chaimowitz has been licensed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario since 1979, certified in Psychiatry by the Royal College of Physicians of Canada since 1988, and is designated as a Founder in Forensic Psychiatry by the Royal College of Physicians of Canada. Dr. Chaimowitz is also certified in Psychiatry by the American Boards of Psychiatry and Neurology.
“There is ample evidence to suggest that there are a number of consequences of solitary confinement. Solitary confinement can produce longstanding, lasting psychological effects, as well as producing acute side effects such as hallucinations, psychosis, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and the potential for suicidal or self-harming behaviours. These consequences may manifest themselves in individuals who have previously suffered mental illness. Where individuals already suffer mental illness there is a real danger that solitary confinement especially prolonged solitary confinement may cause serious trauma and may lead to a marked deterioration in their mental health. There is also evidence to suggest that longer periods and indefinite periods of solitary confinement can exacerbate the harm suffered, and can increase the likelihood of the traumatic consequences. Solitary confinement in excess of 15 consecutive days poses a serious risk of the psychological effects as described above. This risk grows as solitary condiment is continued, particularly if the individual does not have the certainty of a date on which it will end.”
Dr. Kelly Hannah-Moffat
Dr. Hannah-Moffat is a professor of Sociology and the former director of the Centre of Criminology and Sociolegal Studies at the University of Toronto. Dr. Hannah-Moffat was a policy advisor to Madame Justice Arbour on the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston April, 1994 and an expert witness for the Office of the Ontario Coroner in the Ashely Smith Inquest.
Professor Hannah-Moffat testified about the NYC Department of Correction and Department of Health and Mental Hygiene’s plan to eliminate solitary confinement with serious mental health issues, which will place prisoners in “clinical settings where they will receive a high level of individual and group therapy aimed at promoting treatment adherence and pro-social behaviours. Exchanging a punishment model for a treatment model will allow clinical staff members to decide how best to respond to problematic behaviour…”
CCLA KEY LEGAL MATERIALS
- Ontario Court of Appeal Factum (2018)
- CCLA Notice of Appeal (2018)
- Final Reply Submissions
- CCLA Reply Factum
- CCLA Factum
- CCLA’s Factum on the Motion to Adjourn
- CCLA Notice of Application (2015)
CCLA’S PREVIOUS WORK
- Press releases:
- Keep your promise on solitary confinement, groups tell Ottawa
- Legal fight against solitary confinement continues
- Court strikes down solitary confinement regime in response to CCLA’s challenge
- CCLA calls on court to end solitary confinement – hearing starts September 11th
- Court denies Canada’s attempt to adjourn CCLA’s segregation challenge
- CCLA fighting to preserve segregation challenge and testimony of torture expert
- CCLA launches lawsuit challenging solitary confinement in prisons
- Previous posts:
DECISIONS
- Associate Chief Justice Marrocco’s Order (February 6, 2018)
- Associate Chief Justice Marrocco’s Endorsement (December 18, 2017)
- Associate Chief Justice Marrocco’s Endorsement (July 6, 2017)
IN THE NEWS
- CTV News: Indefinite solitary confinement is ‘torture,’ say civil liberties groups
- Globe and Mail: Civil liberties groups call on Ottawa to ‘change course’ on solitary confinement
- Globe and Mail: Civil liberties group appeals solitary confinement decision
- The Lawyer’s Daily: Canadian Civil Liberties Association eyeing next steps in solitary confinement battle
- Radio Canada International: Solitary confinement struck down as unconstitutional
- Globe and Mail: Canada’s solitary-confinement laws are unconstitutional, judge rules
- Toronto Star: Ontario judge rules that lack of safeguards make solitary confinement unconstitutional
- Globe and Mail: Civil liberties group wraps up arguments against solitary confinement
- Globe and Mail: Don’t rename solitary confinement; end it
- Canadian Lawyer Magazine: CCLA challenges courts to decide on solitary confinement
- Toronto Star: Segregation a last-resort to keep inmates and prisons safe, feds argue
- Globe and Mail: Federal government says it does not practise solitary confinement
- 680 News: Canada’s prison segregation system unfair and deficient, court hears
- Chronical Herald: Segregation sometimes necessary to keep ‘dangerous’ prisons safe, court told
- Global News: Court hears Canada’s prison segregation regime is ‘structurally deficient’
- Radio Canada International: Solitary confinement being challenged in court
- Interview with CCLA counsel, Michael Rosenberg, McCarthy Tetrault
- Global News: Canada’s inmate segregation laws face Constitutional challenge in court
- Toronto Star: Harm ‘very real’ for inmates in solitary confinement, court told
- Globe and Mail: Rights group highlights effects of solitary confinement on inmates
About the Canadian Civil Liberties Association
The CCLA is an independent, non-profit organization with supporters from across the country. Founded in 1964, the CCLA is a national human rights organization committed to defending the rights, dignity, safety, and freedoms of all people in Canada.
For the Media
For further comments, please contact us at media@ccla.org.
