{"id":3267,"date":"2018-02-12T10:49:33","date_gmt":"2018-02-12T10:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccla.org\/?p=3267"},"modified":"2021-09-09T17:55:01","modified_gmt":"2021-09-09T17:55:01","slug":"discrimination-against-gender-non-conforming-individuals-academic-sources-and-debates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.ccla.org\/get-informed\/talk-rights\/discrimination-against-gender-non-conforming-individuals-academic-sources-and-debates\/","title":{"rendered":"Discrimination Against Gender Non-Conforming Individuals: Academic Sources And Debates"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_global_section id=\u00a0\u00bb1355″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb constrain_group_1=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb class=\u00a0\u00bbpost-links\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb shape_type=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][divider line_type=\u00a0\u00bbNo Line\u00a0\u00bb custom_height=\u00a0\u00bb30″][vc_column_text]\n
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Because the Learn section of TalkRights features content produced by CCLA volunteers and interviews with experts in their own words, opinions expressed here do not necessarily represent the CCLA\u2019s own policies or positions. For official publications, key reports, position papers, legal documentation, and up-to-date news about the CCLA\u2019s work\u00a0check out the In Focus section of our website.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Durable solutions for discrimination may come with education, and the continued search for knowledge and understanding. As Florence Ashley underscores in her recent paper in the University of Toronto Law Journal, despite lawmakers\u2019 best intentions, laws are no magic bullets. They are constrained by sets of principles that create inherent limits for them. Discriminations against gender non-conforming individuals, very often, differ from the paradigmatic cases of overt and intentional infliction of differential treatment that one tends to envisage. Often, they are very subtle and effected through contextualized actions that one might personally not consider as having discriminatory effects.<\/p>\n

This article shares scientific data on topics related to discriminations faced by gender non-conforming individuals. Our hope is these can fuel reflection and give a greater understanding of the issues faced by gender non-conforming individuals. Here, we provide a multiplicity of scientific sources, as part of a guided reflection moving through several issues affecting gender non-conforming individuals. This allows us to illustrate emerging ideas about gender identity, the multiplicity of problems that it brings to the forefront as well as consider proposed methods of support. It also allows us to stress the importance of further research to deepen our understanding of gender identity and ultimately, how to legislate around these issues.<\/p>\n

A first area that should interest us is the number of gender non-conforming people in the general population. Having various measures to determine how gender identity is expressed on the oft-referred gender spectrum provides useful insight into how neatly gender can be characterized and ultimately how institutional paradigms should be changed. It is important to note here, that \u201cgender non-conforming\u201d and \u201ctransgender\u201d are not synonymous. A transgender person is someone who identifies as the sex opposite the one they were assigned at birth. Someone who is \u201cgender non-conforming\u201d is simply someone who identifies as not falling neatly within the traditional binary gender categories that are \u201cman\u201d and \u201cwoman\u201d. Taking this difference into account, it is interesting to note that, according to the Williams Institute at the University of California Los Angeles, while the transgender population is currently estimated at 0.58 percent of the population in the United States, the percentage of the population who identifies to some degree of gender non-conforming is much higher \u2013 as high as 27% among teenagers. The Williams Institute states that there is a likelihood that the number of people identifying as gender non-conforming will likely increase as the subject becomes less taboo and more people start using the label. This would explain why more young people identify as gender non-conforming. This data has limitations, however. This number is based on a self-categorization of respondents in different categories ranging from \u201cvery feminine\u201d to \u201cvery masculine\u201d. This gives us an idea of how many people depart from to various extents from standards of gender expression, which is different from gender identity, which is the intrinsic sense that one is a man, a woman, both, or neither. Hence this data does not indicate how many people live with gender dysphoria and might therefore be transgender.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Esther Meerwijk and Jae M Sevelius, \u201cTransgender Population Size in the United States: a Meta-Regression of Population-Based Probability Samples\u201d (2017) 107:2 Am J Public Health e1, online:\u00a0<https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5227946\/>.<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Bianca DM Wilson et al,\u00a0Characteristics and Mental Health of Gender Nonconforming Adolescents in California: Findings from the 2015-2016 California Interview Survey<\/em>, (Los Angeles: The Williams Institute and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, 2017).<\/li>\n
  3. MB Deutsch, \u201cMaking It Count: Improving Estimates of the Size of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Populations\u201d (2016) 3:3 LGBT Health 181 online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27135657<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
  4. Christina Richards et al, \u201cNon-binary or genderqueer genders\u201d (2016) 28:1 Int Rev Psychiatry 95, online: <https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3109\/09540261.2015.1106446?needAccess=true<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
  5. Chassitty N Fiani and Heather J Han, \u201cNavigating identity: Experiences of binary and non-binary transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) adults\u201d (2018) Int J Transgenderism, online: <https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15532739.2018.1426074<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
  6. Andrew R Flores et al, \u201cHow Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States?\u201d (Los Angeles: The Williams Institute, 2016), online: <http:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf<\/a>>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Discrimination against gender non-conforming people has been documented in various fields, notably, in employment, healthcare, or education. As stated above, the problem with studying discrimination within various social arenas is that discrimination, rather than being overt, is often camouflaged through innocuous acts. There would be high value if more research were done in these areas, allowing for action to be taken at a grassroots level.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Daphna Stroumsa, \u201cThe State of Transgender Health Care: Policy, Law, and Medical Frameworks\u201d (2014) 104:3 Am J Public Health e31, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3953767\/<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
    2. Albert Joseph et al, \u201cGender identity and the management of the transgender patient: a guide for non-specialists\u201d (2017) 110:4 J R Soc Med 144, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28382847<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
    3. Gilbert Gonzales and Carrie Henning-Smith, \u201cBarriers to Care Among Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Adults\u201d (2017) 95:4 Milbank Q 726, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29226450<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
    4. G Nicole Rider et al.,\u201cHealth and Care Utilization of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth: A Population-Based Study\u201d (2018) 141:3 Pediatrics 1 <http:\/\/pediatrics.aappublications.org\/content\/pediatrics\/early\/2018\/02\/01\/peds.2017-1683.full.pdf<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
    5. Jaclyn M White Hughto, Sari L Reisner and John E Pachankis, \u201cTransgender Stigma and Health: A Critical Review of Stigma Determinants, Mechanisms, and Interventions\u201d (2015) 147 Soc Sci Med 222, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4689648\/<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
    6. Anne Boland, \u201cGod of the hinge: treating LGBTQIA patients\u201d (2017) 62:5 J Analytical Psychology 688.<\/li>\n
    7. Skylar Davidson and Jamie Halsall, \u201cGender inequality: Nonbinary transgender people in the workplace\u201d (2016) 2:1 Cogent Soc Sci, online: <https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/23311886.2016.1236511<\/a>>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      There has been much debate in academia in recent years, first, about the role of \u201cunconscious\u201d or \u201cimplicit\u201d bias in the treatment of certain marginalized groups by state institutions and their agents. Originally used to attempt determining the existence of racial bias in the treatment of African-Americans by the criminal justice system, the implicit-association test has been used more recently to consider the existence of gender bias and accessorily, bias towards gender non-conforming. Many academics have criticized this method as too imprecise and possibly dangerous, since it is akin \u201cattempting to read into a person\u2019s mind\u201d. With the standard in criminal trials being that of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, much skepticism has been expressed with regards to the test\u2019s capacity to prove the existence of an accused\u2019s guilty mind. Moreover, in these cases, due process naturally limits the usefulness of these tests. While, they might show the existence of bias in a person, this does not mean the alleged bias was the main impetus behind an action. However, in civil cases, notably, discrimination cases, where the burden of proof is on a balance of probabilities (meaning that the plaintiff\u2019s case must be more probable than improbable), the test could be used as one element out of many to bolster one\u2019s case. The Courts have already had to tackle the question of bias from a presiding judge. Nevertheless, Implicit Association tests, to our knowledge, have never been used to rule on a case as of yet in Canada.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Kelly Capatosto et al.,\u00a0State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review<\/em>\u00a0(Columbus: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, 2017).<\/li>\n
      2. John T Jost et al., \u201cThe existence of implicit bias is beyond reasonable doubt: A refutation of ideological and methodological objections and executive summary of ten studies that no manager should ignore\u201d (2009) 29 R Organ Behav 39, online: <https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0191308509000239<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
      3. Brian A Nosek, Carlee Beth Hawkins and Rebecca S Frazier, \u201cImplicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms\u201d (2011) 15:4 Trends Cogn Sci 152, online: <https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364661311000167<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
      4. FL Oswald et al., \u201cPredicting Ethnic and Racial Discrimination: A Meta-Analysis of IAT Criterion Studies\u201d (2013) 105 J Personality & Soc Psych 171.<\/li>\n
      5. Gregory Mitchell & Philip E. Tetlock, \u201cAntidiscrimination Law and the Perils of Mindreading\u201d (2006) 67 Ohio State LJ 1023.<\/li>\n
      6. Miguel C Brendl, Arthur B Marksman & Claude Messmer, How Do Indirect Measures of Evaluation Work? Evaluating the Inference of Prejudice in the Implicit Association Test, (2001) 81 J Personality & Soc Psych 760.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Finally, support for transgender people is vital. Suicide attempts and very high levels of social anxiety are known to be prevalent among gender non-conforming individuals. Support from one\u2019s family and entourage can therefore be of great help. However, change on the societal level seems to be required. Many studies have been conducted on the subject. Nevertheless, more research can be done into the specific factors that lead to the diminution. Additionally, although so-called gender affirmation therapies, including reassignment surgeries and hormonal treatments are generally associated with mental health benefits and diminution of dysphoria, suicide rates for transgender individuals remain very high, which indicates that other factors have a major effect on their overall well-being. More research needs to be done to identify these factors.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Cecilia Dhejne et al, \u201cLong-Term Follow-Up of Transsexual Persons Undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery: Cohort Study in Sweden\u201d (2011) 6:2 PLoS One 1, online:\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5841333\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n
        2. Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino et al, \u201cGender dysphoria in adolescence: current perspectives\u201d (2018) 9 Adolesc Health med Ther 31, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5841333\/<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        3. Caitlin Wolford-Clevenger et al, \u201cSuicide Risk Among Transgender People: A Prevalent Problem in Critical Need of Empirical and Theoretical Research\u201d (2017) 4:3 Violence Gend 69, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5649411\/<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        4. Calvin Louis Gilbert, \u201cExpanding Hearts and Minds: The Impact of Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Educational Interventions on Nurse Practitioner Students\u2019 Knowledge and Comfort\u201d (2016)\u00a0College of Nursing and Health sciences Master Project Publications<\/em>, Paper 5, online: <https:\/\/scholarworks.uvm.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=cnhsmp<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        5. Virginia P Quinn et al, \u201cCohort profile: Study of Transition, Outcomes and Gender (STRONG) to assess health status of transgender people\u201d (2017) 7:12 BMJ Open, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5770907\/<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        6. Stephanie L Brennan, \u201cRelationship among gender-related stress, resilience factors, and mental health in a Midwestern U.S. transgender and gender-nonconforming population\u201d (2017) 18:4 Int J Transgenderism 433, online: <https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/15532739.2017.1365034<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        7. AA Owen-Smith et al, \u201cAssociation Between Gender Confirmation Treatments and Perceived Gender Congruence, Body Image Satisfaction, and Mental Health in a Cohort of Transgender Individuals\u201d (2018) J Sex Med 591, online: <http:\/\/www.jsm.jsexmed.org\/article\/S1743-6095(18)30058-4\/fulltext<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        8. Tiffany R Glynn et al. \u201cThe role of gender affirmation in psychological well-being among transgender women\u201d (2016) 3:3 Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 336, online: <http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/buy\/2016-21290-001<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        9. Megan C Stanton, Samira Ali and Sambuddha Chaudhuri, \u201cIndividual, social and community-level predictors of wellbeing in a US sample of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals\u201d (2017) 19:1 Cult Health Sex 32.<\/li>\n
        10. Ashley Austin and Revital Goodman, \u201cThe Impact of Social Connectedness and Internalized Transphobic Stigma on Self-Esteem Among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults\u201d (2017) 64:6 J Homosexuality 825, online: <https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00918369.2016.1236587<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        11. Amaya Perez-Brumer et al, \u201cIndividual- and Structural-Level Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts Among Transgender Adults\u201d (2015) 41:3 Behav Med 164.<\/li>\n
        12. Arnold H Grossman, Anthony R D\u2019augelli and John A Frank, \u201cAspects of Psychological Resilience among Transgender Youth\u201d (2011) 8 J LGBT Youth 103.<\/li>\n
        13. Jacob C Warren, K Bryant Smalley and K Nikki Barefoot, \u201cPsychological well-being among transgender and genderqueer individuals\u201d (2016) 17:3-4 Int J Transgenderism 114.<\/li>\n
        14. Stephanie L Budge, H Kinton Rossman and Kimberly AS Howard, \u201cCoping and Psychological Distress Among Genderqueer Individuals: The Moderating Effect of Social Support\u201d (2014) 8:1 J LGBT Issues Counseling 95.<\/li>\n
        15. Nessa Millet, Julia Longworth and Jon Arcelus,\u201cPrevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders in the transgender population: A systematic review of the literature\u201d 18:1 Int J Transgenderism 27, online <\u00a0https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15532739.2016.1258353?src=recsys<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        16. Jake Pyne \u201c\u201cParenting Is Not a Job \u2026 It\u2019s a Relationship\u201d: Recognition and Relational Knowledge Among Parents of Gender Non-conforming Children\u201d (2016) 27:1 J Progressive Human Services 21, online: <\u00a0https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10428232.2016.1108139<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        17. Ruari-Santiago McBride and Dirk Schubotz, \u201cLiving a fairy tale: the educational experiences of transgender and gender non-conforming youth in Northern Ireland\u201d (2017) 23:3 Child Care in Practice 292.<\/li>\n
        18. Jacqueline Ullman, \u201cTeacher positivity towards gender diversity: exploring relationships and school outcomes for transgender and gender-diverse students\u201d (2017) 17:3 Sex Ed 276.<\/li>\n
        19. Emily A Greytak, Joseph G Kosciw and Madelyn J Boesen, \u201cPutting the \u201cT\u201d in \u201cResource\u201d: The Benefits of LGBT-Related School Resources for Transgender Youth\u201d (2013) 10:1-2 J LGBT Youth 45, online: <\u00a0https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19361653.2012.718522?src=recsys<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        20. Rhonda J Factor and Esther D Rothblum, \u201cA Study of Transgender Adults and Their Non-Transgender Siblings on Demographic Characteristics, Social Support, and Experiences of Violence\u201d (2008) 3:3 J LGBT Health Res 11, online: <https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15574090802092879<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        21. Kristie L Seelman, \u201cRecommendations of transgender students, staff, and faculty in the USA for improving college campuses\u201d (2013) 26:6 Gender & Education 618, online <\u00a0https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09540253.2014.935300<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        22. Tiffany K Chang and Y Barry Chung, \u201cTransgender Microaggressions: Complexity of the Heterogeneity of Transgender Identities\u201d (2015) 9:3 J of LGBT Issues in Counseling 217, online: <\u00a0https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15538605.2015.1068146<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        23. Brett Genny Beemyn, \u201cMaking Campuses More Inclusive of Transgender Students\u201d (2005) 3:1 J of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education 77, online: <https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/abs\/10.1300\/J367v03n01_08<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        24. Patrick R Miller et al, \u201cTransgender politics as body politics: effects of disgust sensitivity and authoritarianism on transgender rights attitudes\u201d (2017) 5:1 Politics, Groups, and Identities 4, online: < https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21565503.2016.1260482>.<\/li>\n
        25. Heidi M Levitt and Maria R Ippolito, \u201cBeing Transgender: The Experience of Transgender Identity Development\u201d (2014) 61:12 Journal of Homosexuality 1727, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25089681<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        26. CM Wiepjes et al, \u201cThe Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets\u201d (2016) 15:4 J Sex Med 582, online: <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29463477<\/a>>.<\/li>\n
        27. Linda W Wesp and Madeline B Deutsch, \u201cHormonal and Surgical Treatment Options for Transgender Women and Transfeminine Spectrum Persons\u201d (2017) 40:1 Psychiatric Clinics of North America 99, online: <https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0193953X16300727?via%3Dihub<\/a>>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          To conclude, advances in our understanding of gender identity are forcing a reconceptualization of what it means to be a man or a woman. While these paradigms are not likely to disappear in the near future, they are certainly being mitigated and diluted as gender non-conformity becomes more prevalent and recognized. Laws and institutions that for centuries have acknowledged man and woman as the essential biological duality in humans need to be changed accordingly. The door \u00a0to further dialogue on these questions should be open, to encourage self-education and understanding of the various complex ideas and concepts at issue. Hopefully, the sources provided here as well as other analyses on the TalkRights blog can hope further this discussion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_global_section id=\u00a0\u00bb1461″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          The Canadian Civil Liberties Association (CCLA)\u00a0will challenge the Government of Nova Scotia\u2019s\u00a0exceptionally broad injunction limiting protests in the province.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":5982,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216,158],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-3267","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tr-learn","8":"category-talk-rights"},"yoast_head":"\nDiscrimination Against Gender Non-Conforming Individuals: Academic Sources And Debates - CCLA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Discrimination Against Gender Non-Conforming Individuals: Academic Sources And Debates - 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