{"id":3118,"date":"2015-05-19T01:28:35","date_gmt":"2015-05-19T01:28:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccla.org\/?p=3118"},"modified":"2021-09-09T18:14:15","modified_gmt":"2021-09-09T18:14:15","slug":"understanding-bill-c-24-and-recent-changes-to-the-citizenship-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.ccla.org\/get-informed\/talk-rights\/understanding-bill-c-24-and-recent-changes-to-the-citizenship-act\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Bill C-24 and Recent Changes to The Citizenship Act"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_global_section id=\u00a0\u00bb1355&Prime;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb constrain_group_1=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb class=\u00a0\u00bbpost-links\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb shape_type=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][divider line_type=\u00a0\u00bbNo Line\u00a0\u00bb custom_height=\u00a0\u00bb30&Prime;][vc_column_text]\n<div class=\"entry-meta\">\n<p><strong><span class=\"posted-on\"><time class=\"entry-date published\" datetime=\"2015-05-19T15:52:07-04:00\">May 19, 2015<\/time><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"shapely-content \">\n<p>Want to learn about\u00a0recent changes to the Citizenship Act, but don\u2019t know where to begin? Here\u2019s a summary to get you started.<\/p>\n<p><em>Because the Learn section of TalkRights features content produced by CCLA volunteers and interviews with experts in their own words, opinions expressed here do not necessarily represent the CCLA\u2019s own policies or positions. For official publications, key reports, position papers, legal documentation, and up-to-date news about the CCLA\u2019s work\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dev.ccla.org\/?page_id=27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">check out the In Focus section of our website.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>What is Bill C-24 and what new changes does it make to the citizenship process?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Bill C-24\u00a0<i>An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts<\/i>\u00a0(\u201cBill C-24\u201d) has created several changes to the citizenship process in Canada. Some of the main changes include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">A new intent to reside provision<\/span><span class=\"s1\">:\u00a0the requirement that applicants be physically present in Canada on a continuous basis for 4 out of 6 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Residency calculation<\/span><span class=\"s1\">:\u00a0time spend in Canada as a non-permanent resident does not count towards the applicant\u2019s total residency time<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Revocation of citizenship status<\/span><span class=\"s1\">:\u00a0citizenship status can be revoked for either allegations of crime or criminal convictions<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Refusal of citizenship applications<\/span><span class=\"s1\">: lack of documentation or a refusal to provide documentation within certain time lines will result in an abandoned application\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Lost Canadians<\/span><span class=\"s1\">:\u00a0certain categories of Lost Canadians will have their citizenship restored<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>When will Bill C-24 take effect?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Bill C-24 became law on June 19, 2014.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>The majority of the Bill\u2019s provisions took effect from that date onwards. However, for practical reasons some provisions will take effect at different times as determined by the Governor in Council. Applicants are advised to keep up to date with\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.gc.ca\/web\/article-en.do?&amp;nid=859509&amp;_ga=1.226465118.553682167.1403280871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s3\">news releases from the Government of Canada<\/span><\/a>\u00a0for updates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The following provisions took effect immediately from\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">June 19, 2014<\/span><span class=\"s1\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The fast tracking of applications from the Canadian Armed Forces<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The limitations on citizenship applications from those born abroad<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The passage of citizenship from Crown Servants to their children, whether born abroad or adopted<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Provisions on discretionary grants<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The following provisions took effect from\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">August 1, 2014<\/span><span class=\"s1\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The establishment of Citizenship Officers as the primary decision-makers in reviewing applications<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The creation of an appeal process for decisions made by Citizenship officers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The enhancement of Citizenship and Immigration Canada\u2019s (\u201cCIC\u201d) powers in determining what constitutes a complete application and what evidence is deemed necessary. The CIC is now entitled to put files on hold and abandon a file entirely at any stage of the application process if the applicant fails to provide requested information or attend an interview<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>What is \u2018intent to reside\u2019? How is travel outside of Canada impacted as a result?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The new requirement of \u201cintent to reside in Canada\u201d refers to the naturalization process once citizenship is granted. This requirement has two components: (1) intention to\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">continuously<\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0reside in Canada from the date of the citizenship application until the day of the citizenship oath is completed and (2) actual\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">physical presence<\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0in Canada measured in days. In practical terms, this requirement is fulfilled if the applicant resides in Canada for at least 183 days in the 4 out of 6 years prior to making a citizenship application. Generally speaking, this means that travelling outside of Canada will disrupt the intent to reside requirement and therefore result in a denial of citizenship. However, there are a few exceptions to this. Travel outside of Canada will still count towards the residency calculation where:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A permanent resident is employed in service to Canada abroad as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A member of the Canadian Armed Forces, or<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">An employee of the federal public administration or public service of a province<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A permanent resident is associated with a spouse, common law partner or parent who is a Canadian citizen employed in service to Canada abroad as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A member of the Canadian Armed Forces, or<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">An employee of the federal public administration or public service of a province<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Impact of amendment<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The problem of calculating applicant \u2018loyalty\u2019<\/b>\u00a0\u2013 According to the drafters of the Bill, the purpose behind the \u201cintent to reside\u201d requirement is to \u201cemphasize attachment to Canada\u201d. However, measuring \u201cattachment\u201d in terms of continuous, physical presence in Canada can have the effect of linking an applicant\u2019s desire to remain in Canada with the degree of his\/her residency. For some critics this amounts to a statement of distrust: applicants must demonstrate proof of loyalty to Canada before citizenship is granted.\u00a0CCLA\u2019s Executive Director has noted that \u201cAny arbitrary loss of citizenship is incompatible with democratic values and fundamental rights.\u201d\u00a0Civil liberties activists are concerned with the consequences that follow from such exclusionary provisions. They argue that the provision places undue pressure on applicants to strictly adhere to the residency requirement even if it means sacrificing academic, employment, or other opportunities and obligations that require a prolonged stay outside of Canada. If applicants feel as though their citizenship status is in jeopardy because of how their life choices are\u00a0<i>perceived<\/i>\u00a0by government officials, this may actually weaken his\/her ties to Canada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">There are also practical concerns regarding the cost in resources and in time to implement this provision in practice. The complexity of calculating total residency is likely to strain the already lengthy application review process and will require a greater allocation of resources.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>Under what circumstances can a citizenship application be denied?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">According to the Government of Canada, a citizenship application will be denied by a Minister if the applicant has a criminal history that includes any of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A conviction for an indictable offence or an offence under the\u00a0<i>Citizenship Act<\/i>\u00a0in the 3 years prior to the application<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A current charge for a\u00a0<i>Citizenship Act<\/i>\u00a0offence<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Current time served on parole, probation or in prison<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">An investigation, charge or conviction of a war crime or crime against humanity<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The revocation of citizenship in the past 5 years<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Applicants who are either on probation or are awaiting trial for a criminal charge are advised to wait until the end of probation or the trial to apply for citizenship. However, time served in prison, on parole, or on probation where a conviction was made, does not count towards the total time lived in Canada for the purposes of citizenship.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Impact of amendment<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Bill C-24 takes on the role of the criminal justice system<\/b>\u00a0\u2013 The reasons for either denying a citizenship application or revoking citizenship entirely have a basis in perceived and actual criminality. This raises some concern as the decision to refuse citizenship is akin to a punishment\u00a0<i>in addition to<\/i>\u00a0any penal consequences resulting from a criminal charge; in the case of allegations alone, the outcome is the same. The Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers and other civil liberties advocates have expressed concerns about shifting such decision-making away from the criminal law courts and towards an Immigration Minister. Canada\u2019s criminal justice system has traditionally served as the primary means by which criminal allegations are heard, tried and decided on, in an impartial manner and in keeping with the principles of retribution, denunciation, deterrence and rehabilitation. It is argued that the courts remain the most appropriate forum for such matters; to place this judicial responsibility elsewhere may compromise the judicial process and associated rights. This remains a valid concern where the provision does not distinguish between crimes committed in Canada and those committed outside of Canada. A level of nuance is needed to account for the difficulty in equating criminal sentences in other countries with those recognized in Canada.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>Under what circumstances can citizenship be revoked?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Citizenship status can be revoked by a Minister where the individual is deemed a threat to national security or has committed citizenship fraud.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Threat to National Security<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Individuals will be considered a threat to national security if they have been convicted of any of the following criminal offences either before or after the new Bill amendments:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Treason or high treason (per s.47\u00a0<i>Criminal Code\u00a0<\/i>and ss.10(2)(a) and 10(2)(e) of the\u00a0<i>National Defence Act<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A terrorism offence (per s.2\u00a0<i>Criminal Code<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Aiding the enemy, in battle or as a prisoner of war (per s.10(2)(c) of the\u00a0<i>National Defence Act<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Espionage (per s.10(2)(d) of the\u00a0<i>National Defence Act<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Communicating safeguarded or operational information (per ss. 10(2)(g) and 10(2)(h) of the\u00a0<i>National Defence Act<\/i>)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Also, citizenship will be revoked where the individual has either served as a member of an armed force in an armed conflict against Canada or the Minister has reasonable grounds to believe that he\/she has, and makes a successful declaration to the Federal Court to that effect.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Fraud<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Citizenship fraud can involve either misrepresenting or concealing relevant facts in the citizenship application form (for example, birth details, marital status, work and education history etc). It can also include pretending to live in Canada without achieving citizenship status through the proper procedure. If a citizenship application contains false facts or if an individual is found to have obtained, retained, renounced or resumed their citizenship by fraud, his\/her application and\/or citizenship status will be revoked.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>How does Bill C-24 address the issue of citizenship fraud?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Bill C-24 introduces a new regime for actual or suspected cases of citizenship fraud that can result in a revocation of citizenship. The Minister, Governor in Council and potentially the Federal Court are involved in this new procedure rather than a judge alone. If fraud is suspected, the Minister reviews all of the evidence and comes to a decision as to whether or not fraud likely occurred. If the Minister finds that fraud has likely occurred, the person affected will lose their citizenship and become a permanent resident. If the person affected was a permanent resident and not a citizen prior to the finding of fraud, he\/she will lose their permanent resident status. According to the provision, the Minister is required to give notice of the fraud investigation at its start so that the accused individual may file a written response in return. If regulations permit, a hearing will be held, giving the accused individual a chance to offer their perspective. However, the Minister\u2019s decision is considered final. This decision can be appealed but an appeal must first be applied for and then permitted before the appeal can move forward.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">In circumstances where the Minister has reasonable grounds to believe that there is fraud in relation to security matters (such as in criminal allegations or convictions), a declaration to the Federal Court is sought. The Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness can request that the individual be declared inadmissible to Canada at the same time. If the Federal Court determines that fraud has occurred, the affected individual\u2019s citizenship is revoked. If declaration for inadmissibility to Canada is also successful in the court\u2019s decision, the person affected is deemed a foreign national and can then be deported.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Impact of Amendment<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Targeting fraud and suspicion of newcomers<\/b>\u00a0\u2013 Though the stated purpose of the changes to the\u00a0<i>Citizenship Act<\/i>\u00a0was to \u201cstrengthen\u201d the institution of Canadian citizenship, these changes have been controversial. Critics of the Bill have noted that the provisions aimed at eliminating citizenship fraud are based on an exaggerated concern. Recent statistics have shown that there are relatively low incidents of citizenship fraud. While citizenship fraud is an issue, civil liberties advocates call for a response that is proportionate and at the very least, minimally infringing compared against the recent applicant requirements which appear both stringent and arbitrary in effect. Advocates have also expressed concern that the process operates with an inherent and uncalled for suspicion of newcomers to Canada. Viewed in this light, it is unclear whether the dialogue of inclusivity around Canadian citizenship is still honoured.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The impact on due process<\/b>\u00a0\u2013 Civil liberties organizations, including CCLA, are also skeptical of the amendments relating to the review and appeal processes. Expanding the Minister\u2019s discretionary powers in the review and revocation of applications can pose a problem of justice. The Minister is not obligated to provide his\/her reasons for the decision to revoke citizenship or deny an application. If transparency is not achieved in this process, questions of accountability and arbitrariness are raised. This is significant given that the decision to grant or deny citizenship has a profound impact on the individual applicant\u2019s life, welfare, and future opportunities. While applicants may appeal the Minister\u2019s decision, the difficulties inherent in the process effectively render the decision final in most instances. Applicants must apply for and obtain permission to appeal before it is heard. This is a significant change compared to an applicant\u2019s right of appeal before the amendment. Some rights activists worry that even if an appeal is granted, the Federal Court judge would have little room to justify overruling the Minister\u2019s decision.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The possibility of statelessness<\/b>\u00a0\u2013 According to the Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers, Bill C-24 has generational limits that make statelessness a reality for individuals who are born abroad to Canadian parents and who are excluded from citizenship in the country they were born in. This may occur more frequently than originally guessed as many countries refuse to grant citizenship to children whose parents are foreign nationals.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>Who are the \u201cLost Canadians\u201d and how does Bill C-24 address their unique citizenship issues?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The \u201cLost Canadians\u201d are a large category of individuals who for the most part, believe themselves to be Canadians, (in most cases) have lived in Canada for many years and who technically never possessed or lost their citizenship due to a number of outdated and inconsistent laws.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The Government of Canada recognizes four groups of Lost Canadians:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">War brides<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">People born abroad to a Canadian parent prior to the 1977\u00a0<i>Citizenship Act<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">People who acquired nationality or citizenship of another country, either independently or through their parents, during the period of January 1947 and February 1977<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Second and subsequent generation Canadians who were born abroad after the 1977\u00a0<i>Citizenship Act<\/i>\u00a0came into effect<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Remedies<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Bill C-24 now restores citizenship status to certain categories of Lost Canadians:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Individuals who were born before the Canadian Citizenship Act 1947<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">First generation children who were born abroad to a parent or parents who were born prior to the Canadian Citizenship Act 1947<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Naturalized Canadians who were ineligible for Canadian citizenship when the Canadian Citizenship Act took effect<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Their first generation children will also retroactively receive Canadian citizenship<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">British subjects residing in Canada before January 1, 1947 or before April 1, 1949 in Newfoundland<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Their first generation children will also retroactively receive Canadian citizenship<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Individuals whose grandparent(s) were employed by the Crown and whose parent(s) were born abroad during the course of\u00a0<i>their<\/i>\u00a0parent(s)\u2019 employment by the Crown<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #1e5799;\"><b>What is the difference between immigration status, permanent residency and citizenship status?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Immigration Status<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Immigration status allows an individual to migrate to and reside in Canada. To achieve immigration status, individuals must apply through a government program, such as sponsorship or a worker program. Eligibility is determined based on the requirements of the program and the individual\u2019s general admissibility to Canada. Those who fall under the inadmissible persons provision in the\u00a0<i>Immigration and Refugee Protection Act<\/i>\u00a0are excluded from immigrating to Canada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Permanent Residency Status<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Permanent residents are generally citizens of another country and usually reside in Canada on a more permanent basis compared against students or foreign workers. This status is obtained through a successful application, which may include a refugee claim. While permanent residents do not have the full rights that Canadian citizens have, they are still entitled to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Receive most social benefits including health care coverage<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Live, work or study anywhere within Canada\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Apply for Canadian citizenship<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Receive the protections outlined in the law, including the\u00a0<i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">However, permanent residency status may be lost if the individual does not live within Canada for the prescribed number of years, is criminally convicted and\/or is ordered to leave Canada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Citizenship Status<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Canadian citizenship is the final status that can be achieved. It provides the fullest coverage of rights and responsibilities that according to some, is fundamental to full membership within Canada as opposed to a privilege that may be revoked for arbitrary or unjust reasons. All of the rights of citizens are outlined in Canadian law and more specifically, in the\u00a0<i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_global_section id=\u00a0\u00bb1461&Prime;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bill C-24 An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts (\u201cBill C-24\u201d) has created several changes to the citizenship process in Canada.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":5978,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217,158],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-3118","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tr-cases-laws","8":"category-talk-rights"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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