{"id":1716,"date":"2021-02-10T16:22:58","date_gmt":"2021-02-10T16:22:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccla.org\/?p=1716"},"modified":"2021-08-25T19:38:40","modified_gmt":"2021-08-25T19:38:40","slug":"regulating-social-media-into-the-unknown","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.ccla.org\/fundamental-freedoms\/regulating-social-media-into-the-unknown\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulating Social Media: Into the Unknown"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_global_section id=\u00a0\u00bb1355″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb constrain_group_1=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb class=\u00a0\u00bbpost-links\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb shape_type=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][divider line_type=\u00a0\u00bbNo Line\u00a0\u00bb custom_height=\u00a0\u00bb30″][vc_column_text]February 10, 2021<\/b><\/p>\n

In the next few\u00a0<\/span>weeks,<\/span>\u00a0the government of Canada\u00a0<\/span>plans<\/span>\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span>introduce legislation designed to combat \u201conline harms\u201d<\/span>.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0What exactly this will mean is still unclear, but at a minimum\u00a0<\/span>we can expect that our online communications will be subject to new\u00a0<\/span>rules<\/span>\u00a0as the government attempts to impose order in a sphere that has been<\/span>, until now, largely free of regulation.\u00a0<\/span>In principle,\u00a0<\/span>many Canadians are likely to welcome this kind of change<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>CCLA does not oppose regulation\u00a0<\/span>per se<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>but as usual the devil is in the details \u2013 all of which are\u00a0<\/span>currently\u00a0<\/span>unknown. In any event,\u00a0<\/span>it is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>important to be realistic about what regulation can achieve and\u00a0<\/span>aware of the very real pitfalls that we need to avoid<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>as Canada embarks on this experiment.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

W<\/span>e all recognize that communication in the online world, particularly via social media<\/span>, can have significant impacts \u201cin real life\u201d.\u00a0<\/span>Examples abound.\u00a0<\/span>The pandemic and U.S. election have highlighted the danger posed by misinformation<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 how challenging it can be to counter and how quickly it can spread<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>While<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>voices for racial justice have been\u00a0<\/span>raised\u00a0<\/span>loud in the public sphere<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 and significantly amplified by social media platforms in some cases \u2013\u00a0<\/span>we also know that online spaces can be dangerous ones for racialized people, and that\u00a0<\/span>threats and\u00a0<\/span>hatred in all its forms (<\/span>racism,\u00a0<\/span>misogyny, Islamophobia, ant<\/span>i<\/span>semitism<\/span>, homophobia, transphobia<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>etc<\/span>) can fester and flourish on<\/span>line<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Recognizing the problem is easy. Solving it? Not so simple.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The truth is that we already have laws that\u00a0<\/span>limit how we communicate and\u00a0<\/span>what\u00a0<\/span><\/i>we can communicate.\u00a0<\/span>It is a criminal offence to utter threats, to harass, and to promote hatred<\/span>\u00a0against identifiable groups<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Some provincial human rights codes also\u00a0<\/span>restrict<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>hate speech<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Defamation laws\u00a0<\/span>allow people to sue those who\u00a0<\/span>tell harmful lies about them, damaging their reputation.\u00a0<\/span>But our supreme law, the\u00a0<\/span>Charter of Rights and Freedoms,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>guarantees freedom of expression and says that limits on that freedom must be reasonable and justified.\u00a0<\/span>So\u00a0<\/span>Criminal Code\u00a0<\/span><\/i>offences, human rights provisions and the\u00a0<\/span>law of defamation\u00a0<\/span>must all\u00a0<\/span>strike the right balance<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Canadian courts have\u00a0<\/span>weighed in many times to affirm this principle and tweak rules when necessary<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>The balance is a delicate one.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Both our Constitution and our courts explicitly and clearly acknowledge the importance of free expression \u2013 how\u00a0<\/span>vital it is to de<\/span>mocracy and to\u00a0<\/span>the\u00a0<\/span>promotion and\u00a0<\/span>defence<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of other rights<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>O<\/span>ur courts have affirmed again and again that\u00a0<\/span>if we value free expression, we must tolerate\u00a0<\/span>expression we find offen<\/span>sive<\/span>\u00a0and even harmful.\u00a0<\/span>What you or I might categorize as\u00a0<\/span>hate speech is not the same as what the law\u00a0<\/span>says can be restricted under hate speech laws. Under those laws, generally, only the most extreme and vile\u00a0<\/span>attacks on identifiable groups\u00a0<\/span>are subject to legal punishment<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>As the Supreme Court said in its most recent decision\u00a0<\/span>on the issue:\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hate speech legislation is not aimed at discouraging repugnant or offensive ideas.\u202f\u00a0<\/span>It does not, for example, prohibit expression which debates the merits of reducing the rights of vulnerable groups in society.<\/span><\/i>\u202f It only restricts the use of expression exposing them to hatred as a part of that debate. It does not target the ideas, but their mode of expression in public and the effect that this mode of expression may have.<\/span>\u00a0(<\/span>Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v.\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Whatcott<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>2013 SCC<\/span>\u00a011<\/span><\/a>, para 51<\/span>, emphasis added<\/span>)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Our courts have also recognized the danger that might come from\u00a0<\/span>attempts to prohibit the spreading of \u201cfalse news\u201d. In\u00a0<\/span>the case that struck down\u00a0<\/span>this\u00a0<\/span>Criminal Code\u00a0<\/span><\/i>offense<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 which had been used to\u00a0<\/span>prosecute infamous Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel \u2013 the\u00a0<\/span>Supreme Court majority recognized<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>that truth and falsity may be obvious and easy in some cases, but\u00a0<\/span>much less so in others, particularly where complex social and\u00a0<\/span>historical facts are at issue.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

All of this points to a\u00a0<\/span>somewhat<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>restrained\u00a0<\/span>role for the law in\u00a0<\/span>addressing\u00a0<\/span>many of the\u00a0<\/span>harms that flow from\u00a0<\/span>communication, regardless of where or how that communication takes place.\u00a0<\/span>It suggests that\u00a0<\/span>a significant portion of the\u00a0<\/span>responsibility for addressing these harms<\/span>\u00a0will necessarily rest on\u00a0<\/span>those who consume information online \u2013 we must learn the critical thinking skills necessary to assess what is fact and what is fiction. We must respond and counter\u00a0<\/span>harmful speech that may lie outside the law\u2019s reach.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

We will have to see if the federal government sees things this way. It is likely that they will create a\u00a0<\/span>new regulator, like the CRTC, to try to address some of the harms that occur on social media platforms. There\u00a0<\/span>may\u00a0<\/span>be some obligations imposed on the platforms to remove certain categories of content quickly.\u00a0 This is the model that has been followed in some European countries and while there is not good evidence about how that is working, it is likely that platforms that risk huge fines for failing to remove \u201cobviously illegal\u201d content are going to err on the side of more censorship, not less. A new regulatory regime for social media should not attempt to reinvent the wheel<\/span>\u00a0and redefine what is lawful expression in Canada<\/span>. It should fill gaps and carefully circumscribe any powers conferred on a new body that would stifle, silence or censor lawful speech<\/span>. And\u00a0<\/span>it must recognize and adhere to the lines in the sand that the law has already drawn.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

CCLA does not\u00a0<\/span>oppose experimenting with narrow and clear\u00a0<\/span>rules that could effectively address some of the\u00a0<\/span>damage that social media can and has done, but we need to recognize\u00a0<\/span>that we\u00a0<\/span>are trying to tinker\u00a0<\/span>with\u00a0<\/span>one of the most fundamental freedoms we have. The government should tread carefully, and CCLA will be watching\u00a0<\/span>and ready to challenge\u00a0<\/span>regulations that would undermine or damage this freedom.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cara Zwibel is the Director of Fundamental Freedoms at Canadian Civil Liberties Association<\/i><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_global_section id=\u00a0\u00bb1461″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Canadian Civil Liberties Association (CCLA)\u00a0will challenge the Government of Nova Scotia\u2019s\u00a0exceptionally broad injunction limiting protests in the province.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3387,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74,31,107],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1716","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-freedoms-expression","8":"category-fundamental-freedoms","9":"category-regulation-of-online-expression"},"yoast_head":"\nRegulating Social Media: Into the Unknown - CCLA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Regulating Social Media: Into the Unknown - 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